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Since 7 October 2023, the long-running conflict known in the Netherlands as the ‘Israeli-Palestinian conflict’ has flared up again. Assistant Professor of History of International Relations Peter Malcontent specialises in this history, Dutch and European policy on the issue, and the history of human rights. He has been invited by various media outlets to give his interpretation of the situation and the unfolding events, particularly in Gaza. This article provides an overview of the latest developments in this decades-long conflict.

Attack by Hamas on Israel

Hamas is a Sunni-Islamic and Jihadi organisation which does not refrain from terrorism, Malcontent explains in . “Nearly all international organisations and governments have them on their lists of terrorist organisations.” But Hamas is more than that, he emphasises. Besides a terrorist organisation, it is also a political party which participated in (democratic) Palestinian elections in 2006 and won. Besides this, Hamas also provides social services to its support base. The organisation can be in many ways compared to Hezbollah in Lebanon, although that organisation supports the Shia version of Islam.

From the Gaza Strip, Hamas launches a large-scale and bloody attack on Israel on Saturday 7 October 2023. Hamas fires thousands of rockets on Israeli cities and Hamas combatants, who broke through the border fence, murder approximately 1400 Israeli civilians and soldiers. Furthermore, they take over 200 people to Gaza as hostages. “Never before have Hamas combatants been on Israeli territory in such [massive] numbers,” Malcontent says in .

Internal tensions in Israel

The timing is not random, Malcontent believes. “I think Hamas realised very well that Israel has been very busy with itself in the past period,” (). Since the installing of a new ultra-right government in December 2022, Israel has been plagued by big internal tensions. For instance, hundreds of thousands of Israelis have hit the streets every week in the past six months to protest the government of Prime Minister Benjamin ‘Bibi’ Netanyahu, who wants to restrict democracy with the implementation of new laws.

The government also supports Israeli settlers on the occupied West Bank. Because the violence between Palestinians and settlers there has increased strongly, the Israeli military – the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) – had relocated troops near the border of Gaza to the West Bank. “Everyone looks at each other a lot, everyone discusses things with each other a lot, resulting in the operational side of the matter maybe not being fully organised. Hamas was able to use that to its advantage,” Malcontent says ().

The hope of Hamas

The last open war between Israel and Palestinians took place in 2021. It lasted two weeks at the time and violence flared up a number of times after that. “The military superiority of Israel is a fact, of course,” Malcontent says in . All Gaza wars since 2006 have ended in Israel’s advantage. “Hamas knows it will never be able to defeat Israel.”

But Hamas is not carrying out the new attacks in vain, Malcontent thinks. “It uses them to show that it still exists, that it is still powerful.” Besides this, he believes Hamas hopes to sabotage the ties between Israel and Saudi Arabia. Hamas supposedly wants to force the Arabic countries to keep supporting the Palestinians. Iran, which supports Hamas both militarily and financially, is not enthusiastic about better ties between Saudi Arabia and Israel either. Iran considers Israel its arch enemy and the Sunni Saudis as an important regional competitor.

Hamas would also allegedly hope for the spark of this war to make it to the West Bank and that it will cause a new Palestinian intifada (uprising) there. Furthermore, it is possible that Hamas is hoping for help from the Hezbollah movement in Lebanon, which is also supported by Iran and can mobilise tens of thousands of combatants to invade Israel from the north.

Israel is now facing a dilemma, Malcontent states in . A ground offensive is needed to take out Hamas; bombardments alone will not work. The government also needs something to satisfy the desire for justice and retaliation among its own population. But such a ground offensive can set the entire region on fire, including Israel. 

Blockade of the Gaza Strip

On 9 October, news arrives that hundreds of dead bodies of murdered festival goers have been found on and around a festival field near the kibbutz Re’im and that Hamas is keeping over two hundred people hostage. Later that day, the Israeli government announces a blockade which fully shuts off the Gaza Strip from water, electricity, fuel and other goods. 24 hours later, the water tap is turned open again.

The blockade will especially harm innocent civilians of Gaza, Malcontent says in . “Since 2007, there is a shortage of all kind of things in Gaza. That will only get worse now.”

Reaction in the Netherlands

Immediately after the invasion by Hamas on 7 October, outgoing Prime Minister Mark Rutte declares the Netherlands are firmly behind Israel and on 9 October, many government buildings raise the Israeli flag. Malcontent understands the gesture, but wonders on the , whether or not it would have been a more appropriate gesture to fly municipal flags at half-mast.

Like in many other countries, the Netherlands are struggling with the war between Israel and Hamas. “First of all, this has to do with the long shadow of World War II,” Malcontent explains on ). But World War II has less of an influence on younger generations, he observes. They are more likely to form their opinions based on images shared on social media.

Besides this, Malcontent believes another factor is that Dutch society has changed. “There are many Dutch people with non-Dutch backgrounds, often with their roots in North Africa or the Middle East. Many of them look at Palestinians in a different way than, say, the average white Dutch person.” He points to a shared belief and a shared culture.

These Dutch people see a colonial conflict in the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians, Malcontent says, in which Israel is the coloniser and the Palestinians are the colonised. This especially refers to the West Bank, which is being partially occupied by Israel since 1967.

Palestinian President Abbas

The war between Israel and Hamas puts the Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas in a split, Malcontent tells on . On the one hand, Abbas has to maintain enough support on the West Bank, where he is already not popular – the Israeli presence on the West Bank is big, the Palestinian Authority is corrupt and incompetent, and the promised Palestinian state still does not exist either. So he cannot simply condemn the violence committed by Hamas. But silence is not an option either, because he also has to stay on friendly terms with the international community.

Israel calls on Palestinians to leave

On 13 October, the Israeli government calls on the residents in the north of the Gaza Strip to leave for the south. This concerns approximately one million Palestinians. “This call seems quite decent,” Malcontent says on , “but it’s very simple: the civilians in the Gaza Strip have nowhere to go. Israel knows that, too.”

Malcontent predicts immediate misery and horrors (). “There are insufficient houses and facilities. I think it is inevitable that they will still run into the Israeli military sooner or later.” By late October, the Israeli bombardments on Gaza have claimed almost eight thousand deadly victims.

Border crossing between Gaza and Egypt

The only road the Palestinians can take is the one to the Sinai Desert in Egypt, Malcontent says on , and Israel is eager to send them there. Despite the Egyptian people fully supporting the Palestinians, Egypt does not wish to participate in such an exodus.

One of the things the country fears is the consequences of refugee camps with hundreds of thousands of Palestinians in the desert. “The Sinai Desert has been a safe haven for armed extremists for years,” Malcontent explains in ). And the chance of Hamas combatants arriving alongside the Palestinian refugees is one hundred percent. This is a sensitive matter for President Abdul Fatah al-Sisi’s regime. “That is mostly because of the fact that Hamas came out of the Palestinian chapter of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, which is not tolerated by Cairo.”

The border crossing with Egypt in the south of Gaza near Rafah has since opened various times for humanitarian aid, although Israel allows this to pass only sporadically. Trucks with fuel, which is necessary to keep the generators of hospitals running, are still not allowed to cross the border. The border remains closed to people and nobody can enter Egypt from Gaza.

The Nakba

The memory of the Nakba (‘catastrophe’) is another reason for Egypt to keep the border closed. The Israeli war of independence (1947-1948) saw 750,000 Palestinians fleeing to surrounding Arabic countries because of the violence of the war and sometimes being forced by Jewish Zionists. When the smoke of the war had cleared, Israel barred the refugees from returning.

The Nakba is burned into memory and Egypt does not want the involuntarily shared responsibility for a second Nakba in 2023. Malcontent thinks this is understandable. He wonders whether or not Israel will allow fled Palestinians to return this time around.

Call from Hamas: ‘Don’t leave’

At the same time as the call from Israel, Hamas calls on the people to not leave. “Hamas has everything to gain from the civilians staying there,” Malcontent explains in . “The more civilians are walking around there during the ground offensive, the more difficult it becomes for the Israelis to single out the Hamas combatants.”

Malcontent already said on that it will probably become very difficult to differentiate Hamas combatants from civilians. “In such urban-guerilla warfare, which you will eventually get, the Israeli soldiers will have to figure out where [the Hamas combatants] are exactly and how to take them out.”

Especially for the Palestinian people, he expects a bloodbath (), not least because Hamas knowingly sets up rocket launchers next to schools, hospitals, and daycares.

Negotiations

The planned ground offensive has not started yet, but Malcontent believes the start is inevitable (). “Of course, they are busy negotiating, but that is to let the humanitarian aid through and to keep the war from expanding further across the rest of the Middle East, as that danger still exists.” Israel is also more likely to want to get as many hostages released as possible, Malcontent expects. The US and Europe stand to benefit from that too, as many hostages come from there.

Malcontent does not think it is still possible to solve the conflict diplomatically. “The Israeli government headed by Prime Minister Netanyahu and Minister of Defence Gallant has very explicitly stated: we will enter Gaza.” To them, defeating Hamas is the only end of the conflict and a ground offensive is inevitable to that.

American President Biden visits Israel

The American President Joe Biden visited Israel on Wednesday 18 October 2023. By doing so, he wanted to show again that the United States fully support Israel, Malcontent says on . He also probably told Prime Minister Netanyahu to abide by the rules of international law.

The Americans do not want a big regional war that can set the entire Middle East ablaze, Malcontent thinks. In order to prevent that, there are already two American aircraft carriers near the coast. Biden does keep emphasising that Israel is justified to invade Gaza to take out Hamas as part of its right to self defence. But the American President warns that before there is a ground offensive, it has to be clear what will happen to Gaza after the destruction of Hamas.

Biden suggested earlier that the Palestinian Authority could take over governance in Gaza, but Malcontent has doubts whether or not President Abbas considers this a solution. “It would then look as if the Palestinian Authority has been put there by Israel after Hamas has been defeated.” That looks like working with the enemy, many Palestinians will think according to Malcontent.

Many Dutch people do not or not yet pick sides in Israeli-Palestinian conflict

A poll by research bureau Ipsos shows that a majority of the Dutch people do not pick sides in the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians, . Unlike outgoing Prime Minister Mark Rutte, who said immediately after the attack by Hamas that the Netherlands support Israel, the Dutch population is more reserved.

The Dutch people who do pick sides have a clear preference for Israel. Over thirty percent think the Netherlands should support Israel, compared to eight percent who think the Netherlands should stand with the Palestinians. Malcontent is not amazed. “The numbers confirm a trend which can be observed since the late 1970s: the traditionally immense sympathy for Israel is declining, but that does not automatically result in more support for the Palestinian cause.”

He does comment that the “exceptionally low” support for the Palestinians is probably because of the timing of the poll, “a week after the horrors of Hamas.”

‘The war on information’

On Tuesday evening 17 October, a rocket caused much damage in the immediate vicinity of the al-Ahli hospital in Gaza City. According to Palestinian authorities in Gaza, hundreds of people died. Hamas accused Israel of a deliberate attack and many international media initially joined in on this.

Following an investigation by the independent journalist collective Bellingcat, it has since become clear that a defective rocket of Islamic Jihad was probably the culprit. Malcontent points this out on . He emphasises that by that time, the question of guilt is already not relevant anymore: “The damage to Israel has already been done.” By quickly pointing the finger at Israel, Hamas succeeded in unleashing an unprecedented mass rage in the surrounding Arabic countries. Because of this, the governments of those countries can do little more than partially joining in, Malcontent says.

Just like Hamas, Israel also tries to influence public opinion. For instance, Israel buys ad space on social media to show images of victims of the Hamas attack of 7 October. Israel also sees that, as more and more images of civilian victims in Gaza appear in the media, public opinion in the West, especially in Europe, slowly begins to turn.

In order to prevent this, the Israeli government organised a closed meeting for foreign journalists on 27 October, where it showed a film that showed uncensored horrific actions Hamas allegedly committed. Israel does this on the one hand to share its horror over the violence of Hamas with the rest of the world, Malcontent says on , but also to use international media to win the hearts and minds of Western society. “They want the world to see how much suffering has been inflicted on them. By sharing explicit footage, they hope to win people to their side.”

Hostages of Hamas

The eighteen-year old Israeli Ofir Engel, one of the hostages of Hamas, quickly gets a Dutch passport. His grandfather is a Dutch Jew who emigrated to Israel after World War II. The application procedure had already started before he was taken hostage, but the Netherlands hope to put pressure on Hamas to release Engel with the fast-track naturalisation. How effective this will be is something Malcontent does not comment on (). “Either way, these prisoners remain bargaining chips to Hamas.”

After intensive negotiations, some prisoners have since been released by Hamas. As a more or less neutral party, especially Qatar appears to have played an important role in this, Malcontent says. He, too, can only guess which motives Hamas had to let these hostages go. Hamas could possibly be trying to improve its image and postpone or prevent an Israeli ground offensive. Hamas knows how important the hostages’ release is to Israel and that it will do everything to get them back alive.

Malcontent thinks Hamas leaders will keep the hostages as close to them as possible during a ground offensive and use them as human shields. “Because as long as these prisoners are very close to the leaders of Hamas, it will be tricky for Israel to take that leadership out. Because you would then also risk harming these prisoners too.”

Stance of the EU

In a letter to Ursula von der Leyen, the President of the European Commission, hundreds of civil servants of the European Union write they are unsatisfied with the position the EU is taking in the war between Israel and Hamas. They compare the situation in Gaza to the war in Ukraine and scold the EU for having double standards. They believe the EU should more explicitly condemn Israel.

Malcontent thinks this is “comparing apples to oranges”, he says on the . “You can clearly say about Ukraine: it was Russia that invaded, which is against all agreements. You have to condemn Russia for that. In Israel and Gaza, it is much more complex.”

Despite this, Malcontent does say the protesting civil servants have a point. For decades, the EU policy has been to facilitate the two-states solution and to enable a Palestinian state besides the Israeli state. For this purpose, the EU supports the Palestinian Authority on the West Bank with many financial resources and at the same time tries to keep Israel and the Palestinian Authority focused via diplomatic channels, Malcontent says. Balance is central to this and the EU dropped this immediately after the attacks by Hamas, he thinks.

Considering the violence with which Hamas invaded Israel on 7 October, Malcontent thought the European position was initially understandable. But as the subsequent Israeli bombardments claimed more and more victims, the European Commission kept standing with Israel without any commentary.

The position of the EU has since become more balanced again, Malcontent says, and it is being demanded that Israel abides by the regulations of international law. The EU also speaks out in favour of humanitarian corridors and ceasefires to provide access to help.

The European position did not make much of an impression on the Israeli side anyway, Malcontent observes; with its 27 member states, and 27 different flavours as a result, it is always quite vague. Both the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli government know the EU will never dare to impose economic sanctions against them to force them into new negotiations, Malcontent comments.

The text below was supplemented after 30 October 2023.

Why did the Netherlands not vote in the United Nations?

On 28 October 2023, the General Assembly of the United Nations voted on a humanitarian ceasefire in Gaza in an emergency meeting. 121 countries voted in favour of the resolution, 14 against, and 44 did not vote. One of the countries to abstain from voting was the Netherlands. According to Outgoing Prime Minister Mark Rutte, the resolution ignored Israel’s right to defend itself.

“In the resolution, the involved parties, Hamas and Israel, are called upon to have an immediate ceasefire, so the humanitarian aid can pass,” Malcontent explains (). But Israel does not have to abide by the resolution because, unlike resolutions of the Security Council, the resolutions of the General Assembly are not binding.

“What you can take from it is how the world thinks on a particular problem. You could see it as an international opinion poll.” He therefore expects Israel to ignore this and any future resolutions, as long as it does not see a decline in support from allies.

Difference between the state of Israel and Judaism

Prime Minister Netanyahu states that a ceasefire is equal to surrendering to Hamas, as he said after the UN meeting. Israel will therefore continue the air strikes and the ground operation, the latter of which has since started. On 30 October, the UN Security Council discussed the situation in Gaza, too, where by then 1.4 million people had been displaced and over eight thousand people have been murdered. The Israeli UN Ambassador Gilad Erdan put on a Star of David, as a “symbol of pride and encouragement to defend Israel”.

From an Israeli perspective, Malcontent understands where Erdan’s action is coming from (). He points out that Israel and the Palestinians have already been in a state of war with each other since 1948. “Both sides have developed perspectives, which have become immovably embedded in identity thinking. And on the Israeli side, this is the perspective which starts with the Holocaust,” he explains. “From the perspective: we are here to survive and to be victorious. Exactly in memory of the Holocaust.”

But questions can be asked, Malcontent says. “As serious and terrible the attack by Hamas on 7 October has been, the existence of the state of Israel was not at stake.” He continues: “And I’m not the only one saying it, the Director of the Yad Vashem Museum in Jerusalem, specifically established in memory of the Holocaust, has already said practically the same thing.” More than that, he says, Israel is showing itself to be a strong country, which is well capable of defending itself.

Malcontent emphasises the importance of continuing to make a clear distinction between Judaism and the state of Israel, although many people have difficulty doing that. “There should be a situation in which it is okay to criticise the state of Israel, without saying anything bad about Judaism.” Israeli Ambassador Erdan erases that border by using the Star of David, he believes.

Text continues below the image.

“Criticising the state of Israel is different from cultural or ethnic hatred of Jews, and essentially the same as criticising Belgium or Germany. The Israeli government encourages that incorrect thought, because a blurred line between criticism of Israel and anti-Semitism works in Israel’s favour; no-one would be allowed to admonish them,” he adds in an article on the slogan ‘from the river to the sea’ in ).

What is making closer ties between Israelis and Palestinians so difficult

Ties between Israelis and Palestinians seem more unlikely than ever. But how did that actually come about? On , Malcontent tells that, although this may be difficult to understand to ‘us as relative outsiders’, different interpretations of history exist on Israeli and Palestinian sides. Both sides have their own versions of historical events and these have become intertwined with their identities after all those decades of fighting, he explains.

A big part of the Jewish-Israeli population comes from Jewish families which survived the Holocaust. They still bear the scars of that genocide. To them, their families built the state of Israel from the ashes of the Holocaust, Malcontent explains. “Israel then spent 75 years in conflict. First with Arabic countries, the Palestinians, then the Arabic countries again…” According to him, this has resulted in the idea that, when push comes to shove, Israel stands alone. “‘We have always been the victims of history and the only way to get rid of that is to deal with our own matters ourselves,’” he outlines the Israeli perspective.

You see the same thing on the Palestinian side, Malcontent continues. The Palestinian story is connected to the war of independence of the state of Israel (1948-1949) and the Nakba, described above. “That’s their story and it has become intertwined with their identity after 75 years too.” Both interpretations are based on historical facts, which makes any ties even more difficult.

Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: the two-states solution or just one after all?

Internationally, a ‘two-states solution’ is seen as a possible way out of the war: the founding of two autonomous states, an Israeli state and a Palestinian state. This may seem a good solution, but it has quite some flaws and issues, Malcontent explains on .

The Israeli settlements on the West Bank are one of the complicating factors according to Malcontent. He thinks one requirement for the two-states solution to succeed is that all Israeli settlers leave the Palestinian Territories. But they will not give up their homes without a fight. “The Israeli military would then have to fight Jews on the West Bank,” Malcontent expects and he points out that retrieving settlers from the much smaller Gaza in 2005 was already a complex matter.

Another issue is the representation of the Palestinians. Who may join the meeting to negotiate on the founding of an autonomous state on their behalf? Hamas would have to be disarmed and the Palestinian Authority is not well-trusted by the people because of accusations of corruption and the lack of elections, among other things.

Would the founding of one mutual state then be a more feasible option? No, Malcontent fears. In such a state, Palestinians would want the same rights as Jews and not become second-class citizens, like the Palestinian-Arabic people in Israel. The Israeli government would not be up for that, Malcontent thinks. “If you give all Palestinians the same rights of citizenship, nothing would be left of the entire Jewish nation state.”

Hospitals in North Gaza

“A place of death, destruction, and despair,” is how the World Health Organization (WHO) describes the situation in the al-Shifa Hospital in North Gaza. Under fire, the hospital has been without water and electricity for days, and the medical supplies are running out. The situations in other hospitals in the area are comparable, while the warring parties point to each other.

According to Israel, Hamas combatants are hiding in tunnels underneath the hospitals. “Every civilian death, every dead baby is a tragedy,” Prime Minister Netanyahu said, “but these are the full responsibility of Hamas, which places its military installations and command posts in hospitals.” But Israel has not yet shown any substantial evidence for this, Malcontent says on .

“That evidence is still lacking after the Israeli capture of al-Shifa hospital”, Malcontent tells us (24 November 2023). Tunnels and a large basement complex have been found under the hospital, and according to the Israeli army, weapons have been found in several places as well, but the evidence remains debatable, he says. “It also remains unclear whether Hamas fighters were actually hiding in or under the hospital during the Israeli siege, as much as the presence of a command centre.”

Malcontent repeats what he said in : “If you cannot prove it 100 per cent, a hospital or other humanitarian post cannot be targeted. International law of war is very clear about that.”

Israel and Hamas make a deal on a ceasefire and the release of hostages

In late November, a temporary ceasefire seems to be close. Israel and Hamas supposedly made a deal on a ceasefire of four days and the release of hostages, fifty Israeli women and children, and one-hundred and fifty Palestinian women, children, and eighteen-year olds. By releasing ten more hostages each day, the ceasefire can be extended to ten days. According to Malcontent () both sides can defend the deal well to their supporters.

“It’s not new for Israel to go far in order to get people back, but now there are multiple families of hostages to face. They have become a force in their own right, which the Israeli government can’t avoid. This is why Malcontent sees the message of the government shift from ‘taking down Hamas at any cost’ to wanting to retrieve hostages. International pressure is a contributing factor in this, he thinks (). “The story is becoming trickier and trickier if you see the footage from Gaza. You have to be able to explain it to your own society if you want to keep supporting Israel. This has resulted in the situation in which Israel got cornered.”

Malcontent points out Netanyahu has already said that this ceasefire does not mean the end of the war. “It’s difficult for him to say anything else, but now that there is a temporary break, the pressure on Israel will only increase.” On , he adds: “Time doesn’t benefit Israel, it benefits Hamas. Every day during the ceasefire, Israel will have to defend why it is necessary to fight again.”

On Wednesday 23 November 2023, Israel and Hamas indeed make a deal on a ceasefire and the release of hostages, with Qatar and the United States as mediators. Hamas itself does hope this is a definitive truce, Malcontent thinks. “Hamas knows it can never win the war against Israel,” he tells us (24 November 2023). “On top of that, they’ve achieved what they wanted: the Palestinian issue is back on the international agenda. Many Arabic countries also declared their support again, despite their ties with Israel, and Palestinian hostages will be released.”

Ceasefire of Israel and Hamas ends after seven days

After seven days, the ceasefire abruptly ends on 1 December 2023. An unexpected twist, Malcontent believes. On he repeats Hamas has nothing to gain by restarting the war. And within Israel, the sentiment was that all hostages have to be released first before the battle could be continued. That has not happened yet.

Israel and Hamas blame each other for the failing of the negotiations. Malcontent believes it is tricky to estimate where it went wrong. Possibly an inability on the side of Hamas to ensure the release of more hostages, he suggests. In any case, something has changed on the Israeli government level, he adds that evening . “This could be that the military has put its foot down harder and said: it’s better to keep fighting now.”

It is also possible that Israel gained renewed confidence because of the quotes by the American Secretary of State Blinken, Malcontent explains on the . Blinken repeated on the day before multiple times that Israel can continue to count on American support, as long as it better guarantees the safety of civilians.

Malcontent does not see any serious attempts for this yet. On , he brings up an app in Arabic developed by the Israeli military, on which Palestinians in Gaza can see when their area could be under attack. “But that means Palestinians have to check their phones 24 hours per day, in an area with barely any electricity. And if they do flee, there’s still the question where they should go to.”

What does the failing of the ceasefire mean for the outlook on the war?

In the meantime, Israel and Hamas are still negotiating. “We can’t see it, but negotiations on ceasefires are still taking place in the background,” he tells on . “But I think the best they can achieve are some brief truces, which may result in the release of hostages” ().

Once again, violence rages as relentlessly as it did before the ceasefire. Until 19 December 2023, there have been 19,667 deaths on the Palestinian side and 1139 on the Israeli side. Increasing violence by settlers and the Israeli army against Palestinian civilians in the West Bank has now led to 301 deaths. Also, more details are emerging. For instance, Israel published images of Israeli police and statements by Israeli aid workers about alleged sexual violence against and mutilation of Israeli women by Hamas on 7 and 8 October.

Malcontent no longer has much faith in a peace agreement in the near future. “Until recently, I did have some idea that we could come to a more long-term truce by means of brief agreements, but I honestly don’t believe in it that much anymore,” he says (). “It’s still quite clear Israel wants to destroy Hamas and wants to continue that, too.”

The international response: working towards ceasefire or not?

The United Nations is nevertheless trying to steer towards a ceasefire. To get Israel and Hamas to cooperate, Secretary-General António Guterres on 7 December invoked Article 99 of the UN Charter, a rare intervention by which he personally convened the Security Council. Guterres did so because, according to him, there is “a serious risk of collapse of the humanitarian system in Gaza”. Although the US vetoed a new call for a ceasefire, Malcontent does see it as a signal (). “It increases the pressure, especially on the United States.” With citing the further eroding support, the US may in turn increase pressure on Israel, he thinks.

An Emergency Special Session of the UN General Assembly followed. Here, a large majority again adopted a ceasefire resolution, further increasing international pressure on the US and Israel, Malcontent believes. Not least because the countries in the resolution referred to resolution 377, the so-called Uniting for Peace resolution, created in 1950 to bypass a Soviet Union veto.

That resolution stated that when the Security Council “fails to exercise its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security”, the General Assembly can take over. However, General Assembly resolutions, unlike those of the Security Council, are advisory only and not binding. “If the new resolution can count on more support from EU countries, the US will be increasingly isolated,” Malcontent explains (). “The Americans can cope with that, but it is not a pleasant prospect. Possibly President Biden will then try to increase pressure on Israel with the message that time is running out.”

The EU and key member states like France, Germany, and even loyal US ally the UK are increasingly speaking out in favour of a ceasefire. If the violence of war in Gaza is to end, the international community has to be more active, Malcontent said earlier on . Countries which signed various international treaties have responsibilities, which they are violating by their reluctant stance. One of the treaties he refers to is the Responsibility to Protect Doctrine, which calls on the international community to combat human rights violations when the responsible entity does not do so itself. “It was adopted by all member states of the United Nations and separately by the Security Council.”

The latest developments around Israel and Gaza

In late January 2024, we see three big developments prevail in Peter Malcontent’s media appearances of the past month. The question whether or not a regional war will break out, the issue of what to do after the war to prevent future escalation, and the genocide charge South Africa filed with the International Court of Justice (ICJ).

The tensions in the Middle East described earlier in this piece have continued to increase. Israel has assassinated multiple leaders of the Iran-backed Hezbollah movement in Lebanon and the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, Hezbollah fires rockets on Israel, and the relations between North Israel and South Lebanon are on edge anyway. Around the Red Sea, Houthi rebels from Yemen attack ships which are British, American or, they believe, affiliated with Israel. A military mission led by the United States and the United Kingdom has subsequently bombed positions held by the Houthis in Yemen multiple times.

However, Malcontent does not (yet) expect an outbreak of a regional war in the Middle. The United States, Iran, the Iran-backed Assad Regime in Syria, and the Iranian ally Hezbollah all have nothing to gain from such a war, he emphasises in . At the same time, he is not completely carefree about it. “We also see that wherever there is a war, emotion plays an important role,” he says on . “Just one person has to do something weird and just like that, you could be caught up in a much bigger conflict.”

Internationally, countries continue to emphasise a ceasefire, but Malcontent does not think there will be an agreement in the short run . He sees that after the latest break from fighting, a reasonable consensus has come about within the government: continue to fight. “In other words, to achieve the goal of destroying Hamas by any means necessary. Another issue on top of that is that within the Israeli government, at least from my perspective, you can see a certain hardening, a radicalisation.”

In the meantime, the United States keep insisting on coming up with an exit strategy. As far as the Americans are concerned, Israel should come up with ideas on how to end the war and shape the future as soon as possible. Malcontent explains that, if they delay doing so, there is a big chance nothing will change and that the Israelis and Palestinians will get bogged down in the same situation as we knew before 7 October 2023 .

In order to keep having an influence, the Americans do continue to support Israel, Malcontent says. “To the United States, it’s very important that this conflict remains contained. This is because they fear that, if the conflict were to expand to something like a war between Israel and Hezbollah, the entire Middle East can catch fire,” he says on . “That’s also the reason the Americans continue to publicly support Israel no matter what, even though they internally criticise Israel a lot. They know that, if their support for Israel were to cease, this would be an invitation to other parties in the Middle East to attack Israel writ large.”

However, the United States can also not be considered a mere good Samaritan either. And whether or not their involvement has any effect is something Malcontent also has difficulty commenting on . For American Secretary of State Blinken’s fourth visit to Israel, Minister of Defence Yoav Gallant did seem to reach across the aisle by publicly stating that the war had entered a new phase. That seemed to indicate that Israel was willing to change how it wages the war.

At the same time, Israel indicated that following the dismantling of Hamas in the north, the focus will shift to the middle and the south. “That makes it necessary to question Gallant’s promises,” Malcontent says, also referring to Israel wanting to continue fighting. Earlier on , he already said: “At the start of the war, Israel estimated the number of [Hamas] combatants to be 30,000. In that case, there would be around 22,000 left. How Israel wants to take them all out, I honestly don’t know. That remains the unreal part of this war: wanting to fully destroy Hamas, but how? This can’t last for months and result in another ten thousand civilian deaths.”

“You can ask yourself whether or not the United States exert enough pressure: they keep talking and don’t want to bring up limiting their military aid,” Malcontent tells us (26 January 2024). “By now, we have to conclude that less Israeli violence in Gaza is out of the question and that the situation in the south, especially in the city of Khan Younis, is becoming more and more pressing. It’s becoming more and more clear that diplomatic requests from America and Europe to spare Palestinian civilians have little effect.”

Israel shares new plans for after the war

There may not be an exit strategy yet, but a number of scenarios for the future of Gaza are already being passed around. In , Malcontent comments on four much-discussed plans. We already described two scenarios above: the one-state and the two-states solutions. Within the Israeli government, there are now two new plans which have been shared with the outside world.

The first was drafted by the Israeli ministers Itamar Ben-Gvir (National Security) and Bezalel Smotrich (Finance). Their plan for forced emigration of Palestinians and moving Israeli settlers into Gaza faced much international criticism. “A plan with no chance of success, just like the idea to relocate Palestinians to the [Egyptian] Sinai [desert],” Malcontent says. “Not a single Arabian government will cooperate with that, nobody wants to share responsibility for what happened in 1947-1948 when the Palestinians were driven off their land.”

Then there is the plan by Minister of Defence Gallant. “That plan is a bit more like what the European Union and the United States would like,” Malcontent says on . In the scenario Gallant describes, Palestinians receive the right to govern themselves in Gaza, although Israel retains the right to supervise militarily and to intervene when it deems this to be necessary.

“What is less clear, is which Palestinians would then be in control,” Malcontent continues. The Israeli minister has said he would first of all think along the lines of local administrators, Palestinians from Gaza itself who have nothing to do with Hamas, which rubs the Europeans and the Americans the wrong way. This is because the European Union and the United States would prefer the Palestinian Authority to control Gaza.

There is little attention to what the Palestinians themselves want and believe. “Decisions on what the Palestinians’ future will be are made above their heads,” Malcontent says. He does not expect the Palestinians would agree to this plan. “What Gallant proposes is a kind of very, very limited autonomy, which may be even less than in parts of the West Bank where the Palestinian Authority is in control and that’s actually unacceptable to the Palestinians.”

South Africa accuses Israel of genocide at the International Court of Justice

South Africa has started a case against Israel at the International Court of Justice. According to the country, Israel is carrying out acts of genocide against Palestinians and the war against Hamas has led to a fight against the entire Gazan population. We already described above how and why genocide is extremely difficult to prove, and Israel has already stated it will ignore any verdicts.

However, Malcontent still thinks the case will have an actual effect. “The fact that this procedure at the ICJ even exists, puts pressure on Israel,” he says on the German . “There won’t be a UN army invading Gaza, but there will eventually be a limit that is reached with the allies.” To allies, it will be more tricky to ignore the verdict, because by doing so, countries would show they don’t take the International Court of Justice seriously.

On , Malcontent adds to this: “If important Western allies, who took a firm stance in favour of international law and the founding of these kinds of courts in the first place, are going to selectively support or reject rulings – like supporting those on Russia and Ukraine and maybe reject this one, as the American have actually already announced if the ruling turns out to be negative to Israel – you openly give Israel the space to say: ‘Why should we be bothered?’”

In an intermediate ruling on 26 January 2024, the International Court of Justice orders Israel to do everything in its power to prevent a genocide. “Israel doesn’t have to cease the military fight against Hamas, but does have to go easy on the people of Gaza and ensure more humanitarian aid becomes available,” Malcontent tells us (26 January 2024). “The court also calls on Hamas to immediately release all the hostages taken on 7 October.”

The court cannot yet rule on the question of whether or not a genocide is ongoing or has taken place in Gaza. It does believe South Africa has sufficiently supported why it believes Israel could be committing genocide, enabling it to take on the case, but that trial can still take years.

In , Malcontent is asked whether he expects Israel to indeed disregard the ICJ verdict. He says that four days after the verdict, it’s too early to give a clear answer. “There are signs that the humanitarianism assistance may have improved somewhat, but where it comes to sparing civilians from violence, we haven’t actually seen much improvement yet,” he says. “The bombing of Khan Younis and all sorts of camps there, of the UNRWA and others, simply continues.”

Why does Israel want to attack the city of Rafah?

Israel announced that it will expand the offensive towards Rafah. This town lies against the Egyptian border and is currently the only place where people and goods can still enter and leave Gaza. It is also the place that houses an estimated one million Palestinians who have fled from other parts of Gaza.

According to Netanyahu, all 1.5 million residents of Rafah will be allowed to leave the city. Malcontent questions this. “Nobody knows what a possible evacuation should look like,” he says in Belgian newspaper . “Most people are malnourished and many are injured. They could possibly go to northern Gaza, but there is nothing there and fighting still takes place.” There are fears that Palestinians will try to flee across the border into Egypt or that Israel will force them across. “This is a red line for other Arab countries.” An ignition of a regional war is not inconceivable in such a case, Malcontent says.

Why Israel states it is preparing an attack on Rafah anyway has to do with the possible presence of Hamas fighters, Malcontent explains in . “You can expect that there are still a lot of Hamas fighters there. In tunnels, especially over there near the border with Egypt – tunnels that possibly extend into Egypt.” On the Egyptian side of the border is the Sinai Desert, an inhospitable area where Egypt has been waging a battle against several armed jihadist groups hiding there for years.

Allies’ criticism of Israel increases

Israel’s relations are becoming increasingly strained, Malcontent observes. Not only in the region, the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt squeaks and creaks, but in the span of a few days, support from allies has also changed.

To start close to home, on 19 March 2024 outgoing Prime Minister Rutte spoke out firmly towards Israel for his part. He called a possible Israeli ground offensive in the city of Rafah “a gamechanger and a humanitarian disaster”. A ground offensive in this city, where many residents live in tent camps and are facing severe shortages of food and medical care, is “a political moment that will have consequences.”

That Rutte used the word ‘gamechanger’, surprises Malcontent. “Maybe the Dutch position within the European Union is changing and the Netherlands is pulling a bit more towards the Belgians, the Spanish, and the Irish,” he tells . Within the EU, these countries are quite critical of Israel’s actions against the Palestinians. However, much impact on Israel will not be had by Rutte's statements, Malcontent believes.

A few days later, at a two-day summit on 21 and 22 March 2024, the 27 leaders of EU countries signed a declaration: Israel must abandon its planned invasion of Rafah, and Israel and Hamas must observe a ceasefire across Gaza. Malcontent is only not expecting concrete follow-up steps, he says in . “Israel knows beforehand: the United States and the European Union won’t do anything anyway, because it always remains just words.”

Just a few days later, on 25 March 2024, the UN Security Council passed a resolution for a ceasefire in Gaza. After previous attempts, the council now succeeded because the United States abstained for the first time. However, Malcontent thinks that even this motion does not directly change the situation, he tells . He repeats what he said on MAX Nieuwsweekend: “Netanyahu does not expect the Americans to stop military aid and as long as they don’t, it’s fine for him.”

Confrontation between Iran and Israel: attacks back and forth

In early April, the Iranian consulate in the Syrian capital Damascus came under fire. This killed several senior Iranian military personnel. The attack may have been in retaliation for an attack by a pro-Iranian militia on the Israeli city of Eilat in late March. Iran is threatening a counterattack and we should take that seriously, says Malcontent to . “Israel bombed a piece of Iran in Syria,” he explains. “Such an action hits a country particularly hard, and Iran has little choice but to retaliate. The only question is: on what scale?”

Malcontent does not expect a direct war between Iran and Israel. “The most logical scenario is an attack on an Israeli military base,” he thinks. “Military targets are less impactful than civilian ones. This way, Iran can hope that Israel won't retaliate.”

During the night of 13-14 April, Iran launched hundreds of drones and cruise missiles at Israel. According to an Israeli military spokesperson, Israel was able to intercept most of the bombs, resulting in limited damage. A retaliation followed on 19 April, with Israel claiming to have successfully hit a target in Iran. So far, there has been no response from Iran.

Negotiations between Israel and Hamas about a ceasefire

Israel has withdrawn some of its offensive troops from Gaza, resulting in a slight decrease in the intensity of the fighting in April. By the end of April, a ceasefire agreement seems to be within reach. “The United States and Israel have managed to frame it as an offer that Hamas cannot refuse,” Malcontent tells , “and Israel is offering more concessions than ever before.” For instance, Israel would allow some of the refuge residents from northern Gaza to return.

“For Hamas, it remains uncertain whether this will lead to a definitive peace agreement. And that is ultimately what Hamas is aiming for,” says Malcontent. “The signals are more positive than ever, but that doesn’t necessarily mean that an agreement will be reached.”

On 7 May, it was announced that there would be no ceasefire. Hamas had agreed to a weakened proposal, a deal that was unacceptable to Israel. In , Malcontent explained that Hamas had altered the section regarding the post-ceasefire phase. “The original text mentioned negotiations about a stable, calm situation. But if you look at that part now, it states that there will be an agreement and an end to the fighting.”

Meanwhile, the fighting in Gaza may be less intense than before, but at the same time, Israel is intensifying its attacks on Rafah, Malcontent observes (). “It’s not that Israel is bombing all of Rafah flat, but it is carrying out targeted attacks.”

During the night of 6-7 May, Israel also takes control of the Palestinian side of the border crossing in Rafah. However, allies who previously expressed criticism of an offensive in Rafah now state that these attacks do not cross the red line they had previously mentioned. “This is not the major offensive we’ve been waiting for,” says Malcontent on . “However, it is a serious attack. I believe this has mainly occurred as part of the entire negotiation game, to increase pressure.”

The United States halt weapon deliveries to Israel

During the negotiations, pressure was also exerted on Israel, by the United States. In an attempt to persuade Israel to agree to the proposal on the table, President Biden informed Israel that a shipment of 3500 heavy shells has been blocked. Malcontent sees this as a strong warning (), although he doesn’t believe it will deter Israel from launching an offensive in Rafah. “It’s not like the warehouses are suddenly empty. But at some point, there will be a shortage of this type of ammunition. So, it will have an effect in the long run, but it won’t prevent an incursion into Rafah.”

Malcontent expects that the halt on weapon deliveries also has much to do with the situation in the United States itself. He points out that the presidential election campaigns for November gaining momentum should not be overlooked. According to him, Biden must balance between three key voter groups for the Democratic Party: progressive voters, the Arab community, and the Jewish community (). “To get rid of that balancing act and to enter the elections with a good feeling, he needs a success as soon as possible. For example, preventing the invasion of Rafah.”

Possible arrest warrants from the International Criminal Court

The prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague intends to execute arrest warrants against Netanyahu, Gallant, and Hamas leaders Yahya Sinwar, Mohammed al-Deif, and Ismail Haniyeh. According to him, there are ‘reasonable grounds’ to believe that they have committed war crimes and crimes against humanity. Malcontent stated in that the charges still need to be approved by the eighteen judges of the court.

Although Germany and France have previously supported and defended Israel, they now support the prosecutor’s decision. “Countries like Germany and France have contributed to the establishment of the International Criminal Court,” explains Malcontent. “So, it’s difficult for them to now look the other way and wish for the Court not to intervene.”

It is different for the United States and the United Kingdom, countries that have indicated they do not support the indictment. “The Americans are not a party in the International Criminal Court. It could hinder any attempts to bring Hamas and Israel together to reach a potential agreement,” Malcontent says. “When it comes to the British, it’s a bit more complicated. They support the International Criminal Court, but they now have a conservative prime minister who aligns more with the US stance on the Israel-Palestine issue.”

Israeli offensive in Rafah

Despite international warnings to Israel not to cross the ‘red line’, residents of the Palestinian city of Rafah report Israeli shelling and an attack on a refugee camp. In an interview with , Malcontent responds to the question of whether Israel has crossed that red line.

“Biden has stated that a large-scale offensive is a red line”, says Malcontent, “but according to Israel, it is not yet a large-scale offensive and the operation consists only of targeted attacks on Hamas members.” And it seems that the Netherlands does not believe Israel has crossed the red line either.

According to Malcontent, the European Union has signalled its concerns by questioning the Trade Association Agreement. “We have yet to see what this means in practice. The chances of the agreement being suspended are small.” Malcontent further explains in that some European countries believe breaking the agreement would be too extreme.

Developments within the Israeli war cabinet

In early June, Israel successfully rescued four hostages. However, Malcontent does not expect many more rescues to follow, he tells . “Saturday’s events also demonstrate how challenging it is to free hostages through military force”, he notes. “I believe some hostages are being held near Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar as human shields. Other hostages will now be better guarded.”

Also in early June, Minister Benny Gantz of the relatively moderate National Unity Party steps down from the war cabinet. “Gantz has long accused Netanyahu of making politically motivated decisions that hinder the release of the hostages”, Malcontent tells . The lack of a future vision for the Gaza Strip also factors into Gantz’s decision.

A week after Gantz's departure, Netanyahu dissolves the entire Israeli war cabinet. According to Malcontent (), this is a symbolic move, “as it does not significantly change how policy is made within the cabinet. Netanyahu is expected to continue holding security meetings about the war with key officials, including those who were in the now dissolved war cabinet. It seems he makes somewhat ad hoc decisions with people who are already around the table.”

“But”, Malcontent continues, “it is also a clever strategic move by Netanyahu.” Controversial nationalist-religious ministers Bezalel Smotrich and Itamar Ben-Gvir had demanded a place in the war cabinet. “He needs Smotrich and Ben-Gvir, but he also wants to keep them at a distance due to concerns about what the international community thinks of them.”

‘Tactical breaks in military activities’

In mid-June, the Israeli military announces daily ‘tactical breaks in military activities’ to allow aid to reach the Gaza Strip. “They want more aid to be able to get in through the southern border crossing”, Malcontent explains to , “and for it to get through southern Gaza towards the north more safely.”

The army made this decision with the UN, various aid agencies and COGAT, the coordinator of Israeli government activities in occupied Palestinian territory. The Israeli government was not involved, and the autonomous nature of the action has not been well received by the government. “It is clear that Netanyahu's government was unpleasantly surprised, and that the far-right parties in the government are against this because they do not want to see any aid in Gaza at all.”

“From a humanitarian perspective, this step is welcome, although it is not enough”, argues Malcontent. “It is a drop in the ocean, but it is better than nothing.” However, he predicts that Israel’s military operations will remain the same. “The war objectives of Israel will not change; this pause is only meant to make it easier for aid to move from southern Gaza to northern Gaza.”

Will it come to (unintended) war between Israel and Hezbollah?

The threat of a total war between Israel and Hezbollah is growing. The organisation is firing rockets into northern Israel from Lebanon, and Netanyahu plans to move some of his troops to the Lebanese border. “From a purely rational standpoint, none of the parties involved - Israel, its ally the United States, Hezbollah, and its ally Iran - benefit from a war”, Malcontent tells .

Israel does not want a war on multiple fronts, and the United States is preparing for presidential elections, says Malcontent. Iran is also facing significant socioeconomic challenges. Lebanon has been in an economic crisis for years, and a war could damage Hezbollah’s power. Additionally, for the United States, a total war could potentially increase the influence of Russia and China in the Middle East.

Malcontent expects that only Netanyahu himself and his far-right government might be less hesitant about engaging in war. “Anything that prolongs the war delays new elections for Netanyahu. Far-right ministers are even calling for an expansion of the war. They have previously even talked about a permanent occupation zone in southern Lebanon.”

Should a total war break out, it could turn into a war of attrition, Malcontent believes. This would be challenging not only for Hezbollah but also for Israel. “Hezbollah cannot be easily defeated, and Israel is well aware of that”, he says, referring to the Second Lebanon War (2006). “The end result was a high number of casualties on the Israeli side and a dent in Israel's image.”

“Hezbollah is much stronger than Hamas in the Gaza Strip”, Malcontent continues. “Hezbollah’s armed forces are estimated at 100,000 fighters, and they possess a vast arsenal of rockets and drones that are qualitatively far more advanced than those of Hamas.” While Israel can call up around 600,000 troops in total, it now has to focus on various regions. By that, Malcontent means not only Gaza, but also the West Bank, where tensions between Israelis and Palestinians continue to escalate.

Israel passes motion against establishment of a Palestinian state

By passing a motion against the establishment of a Palestinian state, the Israeli parliament has firmly closed the door on this possibility, says Malcontent on . “The establishment of a Palestinian state in the heart of Israel will pose an existential threat to the State of Israel and its citizens, perpetuate the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and destabilise the region”, the motion reads, according to NOS. An autonomous Palestinian state can therefore not be an outcome of peace negotiations for Israel.

Malcontent is surprised by the overwhelming majority with which the motion was passed, 68 to 9 members of parliament. “Every prospect for the Palestinians vanishes”, says Malcontent. The lack of perspective, he argues, could lead to radicalisation among more moderate Palestinians who have so far pinned their hopes on negotiations.

Fatah and Hamas strike a deal

The two largest Palestinian political groups, Fatah and Hamas, reached a deal on reconciliation and cooperation on 23 July 2024. Malcontent is not immediately euphoric, he tells . “It is one of the many agreements that have been signed since 2007, and each time they were breached before the ink was dry.”

However, Malcontent does understand why the parties have signed the agreement. “Both parties are looking for opportunities that are best for their future.” Fatah wants to negotiate and may have more international opportunities if it forms a unity government with Hamas, Malcontent expects. For this, Hamas must renounce violence and recognise the state of Israel, just as Fatah has done before.

“At the same time, Israel will then say that Fatah is now collaborating with Hamas terrorists, which could be detrimental to the party. Hamas itself is now in a vulnerable position and must defend its existence. So this is not the solution for both parties, but an option they want to keep open for the future, regardless of what the agreement states.”

That Fatah and Hamas signed the agreement under the leadership of China benefits China the most, says Malcontent. “For the Chinese, this is, of course, a perfect opportunity to show that they are a major player, also in the Middle East. They are trying to strengthen their position there.”

Israel-Hezbollah tensions continue to rise

The rocket attack that hit a small football field on the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights on 27 July 2024 has further strained relations between Israel and Hezbollah. Israel accuses Hezbollah, Hezbollah denies. In , Malcontent explains that Israel has several military bases on the Heights. “Those are targets for Hezbollah, and information from US intelligence services now indicates that it was not certain if the football field in Majdal Shams was actually the intended target of the rocket attack. Probably not.”

In retaliation, Israel bombards military targets in Lebanon. It will stop there for now, Malcontent expects, “but everyone needs to keep their nerves in check. Especially with an attack like the one on Saturday, that is a difficult task. The number of major incidents is piling up. The Americans have to work overtime again to ease the pressure.”

Israel kills senior Hamas leaders

Following the (alleged) death of military leader Mohammed Deif on 13 July, political leader and chief negotiator Ismail Haniyeh was also killed on 31 July. The two Hamas leaders are viewed by Israel as key figures behind the attacks of 7 October 2023. The assassination of Haniyeh took place in the Iranian capital Tehran, and Iran has accused Israel of the attack. This adds fuel to the hostile fire between the two countries.

Malcontent expects that Iran will mount a counterattack, he says in . “It could be relatively moderate, but it could also be of the scale we saw in April. In fact, nothing is ruled out.” This is partly due to the differing opinions in Iran on possible retaliation. “On one hand, you have the more radical elements, with Ayatollah Khamenei at the top. On the other hand, the newly elected President Pezeshkian is a bit more moderate. His view is: we must react, but not to the extent that Iran becomes even more isolated than it already is.”

Hamas picks hardliner as new top leader

Hamas has appointed Yahya Sinwar as the new top leader. While Haniyeh is considered more diplomatic and pragmatic, Sinwar is known as hardliner, who, according to Israel, is the mastermind behind the events of 7 October. Sinwar's appointment is not conducive to achieving a ceasefire, according to Malcontent (). “It is clear that Sinwar has made tough demands in recent months. He will maintain that position. He cannot do otherwise: it would appear weak if he were to compromise just after a key leader has been assassinated.”

Hamas then announced that it would not attend the talks in the Qatari capital, Doha, where Israel, the United States, Egypt, and Qatar are negotiating a ceasefire. The movement says it wants to adhere to the existing three-phase plan, while Israel wants to change the plans. In turn, Israel refers to the adjustments as “merely clarifications” ().

The international pressure to reach an agreement is high. “It has long ceased to be just about peace in Gaza”, Malcontent told . “There is fear that Iran might retaliate for Israeli attacks, or that Hezbollah might do so from Lebanon, or both together. In that case, Israel would likely retaliate, and things could escalate quickly.”

Three Iranian officials have indicated that Iran might refrain from any retaliatory actions if the parties reach an agreement within a reasonable timeframe. However, towards the end of August, there were attacks from Lebanon. Malcontent believes Hezbollah may be trying to ramp up the pressure on Israel. “It could be a signal to Israel, urging them to strike a deal and indicating that no further retaliation will follow once an agreement is reached,” he told .

Just why is there no ceasefire yet?

Netanyahu has never been a supporter of a two-states solution, Malcontent tells on . “It’s starting to look more and more like Netanyahu doesn’t want peace at all, but that his goal is the continuation of his cabinet.”

In that government, two small, ultra-right parties have much influence, Malcontent explains. They do not want peace either, but envision an Israel which encompasses the same area as the Kingdom of Israel, which, according to the Bible, existed from 930 to 722 BC. “They have a vision which can be briefly summarised like this: we want all of Palestine free from Palestinians – that is to become the State of Israel, along with the West Bank and Gaza, and a small piece of Southern Lebanon if possible.”

Hamas also seems to be less interested in a ceasefire than before. “With the appointment of Yahya Sinwar as the highest leader of the movement within and outside Gaza, the attitude of Hamas seems to have gotten harsher,” Malcontent observes (�����̨.nl, 27 September 2024). “Hamas wants to survive the war and still play a meaningful role in post-war Gaza too, but that’s exactly what Israel wants to prevent at all costs.”

Why do allies and institutions have so little influence on Israel and Hamas?

Hardliners within the Netanyahu government and Hamas make up one of the reasons why Israel and Hamas cannot agree on a ceasefire. But how is it possible that allies are having so little impact? And international institutions like the United Nations? For months, they have been trying to increase pressure to get the parties to sign a ceasefire, but that had no results in September either.

It may look like little is being done on an international level to stop the war in Gaza, but that is not the case, Malcontent emphasises in . He mentions, among other things, the resolutions the UN Security Council has adopted, the American peace plan, the sanctions the European Union and the United States have imposed on Israeli colonist leaders, and the arrest warrants the International Criminal Court has issued against various Israeli and Hamas leaders. “That’s not nothing,” he says. “But it’s far too little.”

Allies’ influence on Israel and the Palestinians

Why have allies been unsuccessful in getting Israel and Hamas to sign? “The United States are in a split,” Malcontent explains. “They try to pressure Israel especially with diplomacy. If they go beyond that, they risk weakening Israel and that would invite other countries to attack.” Furthermore, the Middle-East is strategically crucial to Washington because of oil, trade routes, and threats like Iran, while other superpowers are seeking influence there too. On top of that, national politics are making it tricky, Malcontent says. This is because the American people have two important voting demographics supporting Israel: Jews (mostly Democrats) and Evangelical Christians (mostly Republicans).

“The EU can do more since forever,” Malcontent continues. “But it doesn’t.” The 27 member states are very divided internally, which makes united action difficult. Germany for instance, as the biggest member state, keeps supporting Israel because of the historical reasons, while countries such as Spain, Slovenia, and Ireland have officially recognised Palestine as a state. An additional disadvantage: to the outside world, internal differences such as this one undermine the credibility of the EU.

Although Arabic countries claim they show solidarity with the Palestinians, this does not always show in practice, Malcontent says (�����̨.nl, 27 September 2024). “Economic interests, among others, result in Sunni Arabic countries like Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan being more focused on good relations with Israel and the United States. They need those as a part of a united front against the Shia Iran.” Malcontent thinks their refusal admit large numbers of Palestinian refugees is understandable, because doing so would for instance open them up to the accusation of being accessories to a second Nakba.   

The power of worldwide institutions

Malcontent believes people expect too much from worldwide organisations like the United Nations. The UN is not a world government, he emphasises in . “International politics stays largely anarchistic. You can sign treaties and make promises, but inspections on compliance are very limited.” Over time, rules have been set to prevent conflicts as much as possible, but states generally only comply if it is convenient to them. “Everyone just messes around,” Malcontent said before on . “In general, we’ve started playing by the rules more and more, but quite often, this still doesn’t happen, and you often see that in these kind of conflicts.”

Especially the Security Council should be able to do something, Malcontent thinks (), but because the big members like the US, China, and Russia usually always disagree, this organ is practically paralysed too. But, says Malcontent on , there is also a lot going on behind the closed doors of organs such as the General Assembly. “Behind the scenes, delegations from Netanyahu and other countries will meet with each other. It still remains an important forum for the preparing of any deals or accords.”

On Malcontent briefly summarises the answer to the question why there is no ceasefire yet: “If you want to achieve peace, the most involved parties have to want it too. Or it’ll become very tricky.”

So will there be a war on multiple fronts after all?

In late September, Israel seems to move its attention from Gaza to Lebanon as the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah in the south of Lebanon escalates further. The goal: to reduce the threat of Hezbollah and to let approximately 60,000 Israelis return home. They have fled said homes because Israel and Hezbollah exchange fire daily in the north of Israel.

Netanyahu has been reproached with focusing only on Gaza for some time already and moving the focus is convenient to him, Malcontent says on . “By relocating the violence to Lebanon as it were, he can continue the war. That means: no new elections and therefore no end to the Netanyahu era.”

On top of that, Netanyahu can make sure that the United States continue to support Israel with a new war. “If Israel only focuses on Gaza – which the Americans criticise anyway, that would draw criticism. If it attacks Hezbollah too and gets on Iran’s nerves in the process, it creates a regional conflict. And in a regional conflict, the Americans will always keep supporting Israel.”

Whereas the tensions between Israel and Hezbollah have already been on the rise for months, they reach a boiling point on 17 and 18 September 2024. On those days, hundreds of pagers and radiotelephones of Hezbollah members explode due to an Israeli sabotage action. The consequences are enormous, resulting in attacks between Hezbollah and Israel back and forth, including the biggest and bloodiest since 7 October 2023 ().

This article was first published on 30 October 2023. After that, it has been updated and expanded up to and including 30 September 2024.